jail - в'язниця, ув'язнювати, в'язничний
elated  - піднесений, радісний
rivalry - суперництво, конкуренція

It has not always been like that

Як то перекласти?

Victoria we are a go. (=>)

disambiguation - неоднозначність
evenly  - рівномірно
coin - вигадувати
quantify  - визначити кількість
namely  - а саме, тобто, іменно, як-от

It uses entropy to quantify the capacity of a system for change, namely that heat flows from a region of higher temperature to one with lower temperature

hinder - перешкоджати, утримати

The day is nearly done (чи gone??) - день підходить до завершення.

Thank God there are still some kind spirits in this world for without them it would be a cold place.

But there’s really nothing like playing to a Canadian Cohenite crowd. Standing ovation before even sounding a single note.

pile of waste - купа відходів
slag heap - шлаку купа
mining - видобуток, гірнича справа
colliery - кам'яновугільна копальня

current - течія
nearby shipping routes - прилеглі морські шляхи
crop - урожай 
flotsam - плаваючі уламки
jetsam - прибитий до берега вантаж, корабельна аварія  
beachcomber - бурлака
grin - посміхатися, шкірити зуби, скалитися
piggy bank - скарбнички
fire extinguisher - вогнегасник
barrel - бочка
consignment  - партія товару, вантаж
ashore - на берег
ripen - дозрівати
wreck - аварія, руїни, загибель, уламки, руйнувати
reclaim  - повернути
timber - деревини
As the onset of winter signals - настання зими ознаменовує
swarm - кишіти, юрмитися
ready to snap -

macmillandictionary

THE IDIOM CONNECTION

do as you would be done by
do as I say, not as I do
necessity is the mother of invention
out of sight, out of mind
people who live in glass houses should not throw stones
still waters run deep 

Истинное знание есть знание причин. Френсис Бэкон

While those two things go hand in hand at times, for the most part they do not. (=>)

'To be in charge of' vs 'To be resposible for'

'To be in charge of' vs 'To be resposible for'

• To be responsible for doing something - it's your job to do something.
  To be in charge of doing something - you manage the 'something'. You may do it yourself and/or supervise other staff doing it.
  i.e. I was responsible for opening the post.= I opened the post.
  I was in charge of opening the post = I may have done it myself but I probably also managed the post in some way, and probably supervised others who opened the post.
• They are not necessarily the same. A person in charge may not take much or any responsibility for his/her own actions. Therefore, we can safely assume that the person in charge is not always responsible.
• http://frypound.blogspot.com/2007/01/being-in-charge-vs-being-responsible.html

'To be resposible for' vs 'To be resposible to'

• The meaning is different
  To be responsible for someone/something is describing your responsibility. Like being responsible for somebody's welfare, or being responsible for taking out the rubbish.
  To be responsible to someone/something is describing who or what you answer to or have an obligation to. Like a politician is responsible to the people who elected him/her.